Phytotoxic effects of fungicides, insecticides and nonpesticidal components on pepper depending on water quality
Fitotoksični efekti na paprici posle primene fungicida, insekticida i nepesticidnih komponenti zavisno od kvaliteta vode
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Author
Vukovic, Slavica
Indjic, Dusanka
Gvozdenac, Sonja
Keywords
PesticidesWater quality
Phytotoxicity
Pesticidi
kvalitet vode
fitotoksičnost
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Show full item recordAbstract
Modern agriculture relies on simultaneous application of fungicides, insecticides, fertilizers
and adjuvants. The selection of compounds for tank-mixes has been rarely studied and it
presents a risk in the application of pesticides but the quality of water should also be considered.
The aim of this study was to assess the phytotoxic effects of several fungicides, insecticides,
a complex fertilizer, an adjuvant and their mixtures on pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) as a
test plant, depending on water quality. The effects of the pesticides: azoxystrobin (Quadris,
0.75 l/ha), mancozeb (Dithane M-70, 2.5 kg/ha), thiamethoxam (Actara 25-WG, 0.07 kg/ha)
and cypermethrin (Cipkord EC-20, 0.3 l/ha), a complex fertilizer (Mortonijc plus /hereinafter:
M+/ 3kg/ha), an adjuvant (Sillwet 77-L, 0.1 l/ha) and their mixtures, were assessed depending
on the quality of water (well water – slightly alkaline, very hard and with high nitrite content;
tap water – neutral and slightly hard; surface water – alkaline, slightly hard and with high
content of nitrite and ammonia) using a puncture method. The effects were assessed after
seven days by measuring the diameter of chlorosis and/or necrosis around puncture sites, and
were expressed in mm2. The significance of differences between treatments was analyzed
using a one-way ANOVA (LSD 0.05 %). In the slightly alkaline and very hard well water, all
spray liquids containing Dithane M-70 caused a significant increase in leaf chlorosis area (from
6.0 to 25.2 mm2), compared to the control and other treatments. In the neutral and slightly
hard tap water, all spray liquids containing Dithane M-70 caused a significant increase in leaf
chlorosis (5.3 to 7.9 mm2) compared to the control and the other spray liquids, although its
phytotoxicity in that water was at a lower level than it was in well water. However, in the
weakly alkaline and slightly hard surface water from the river Sava, Dithane M–70, Dithane
M-70 + Actara WG-25, Dithane M-70 + Sillwet L-77, and Dithane M-70 + Actara 25-WG + M+
showed a significant increase in phytotoxicity, compared to the control. Savremena poljoprivreda teži istovremenoj primeni fungicida, insekticida, kompleksnih
đubriva i ađuvanata. Izbor jedinjenja za tank-miks malo je proučen i predstavlja rizik u
primeni pesticida, međutim treba imati u vidu i kvalitet vode. Cilj rada je bio da se ispitaju
efekti fungicida, insekticida, kompleksnog đubriva, ađuvanta i njihovih mešavina zavisno od
kvaliteta vode. Kao test biljka poslužila je paprika (Capsicum annuum L). Metodom uboda
ispitani su fitotoksični efekti pojedinačnih pesticida: azoksistrobin (Quadris, 0,75 l/ha), mankozeb
(Dithane M-70, 2,5 kg/ha), tiametoksam (Actara 25-WG, 0,07 kg/ha) i cipermetrin (Cipkord
20-EC, 0,3 l/ha), zatim kompleksno đubrivo (Mortonijc plus /u daljem tekstu M+/, 3 kg/ha) i
ađuvant (Sillwet L-77, 0,1 l/ha), kao i njihovih mešavina, zavisno od kvaliteta vode (bunarska
voda, slabo alkalna, jako tvrda, povećan sadržaj nitrita; česmenska, neutralna, slabo tvrda;
površinska voda, alkalna, slabo tvrda, povećan sadržaj nitrita i amonijaka). Ocena je izvedena
posle sedam dana, merenjem prečnika hloroze i/ili nekroze oko uboda na listu i izražena
je u mm2. Analizom varijanse (ANOVA) određena je značajnost razlika (NZR 0,05%) između
tretmana. U slabo alkalnoj, jako tvrdoj bunarskoj vodi, sve radne tečnosti koje su sadržale
preparat Dithane M-70, prouzrokovale su značajno povećanje hloroze na listovima test
biljaka (6,0-25,2 mm2) u odnosu na kontrolu i na druge varijante. U česmenskoj, neutralnoj
i slabo tvrdoj vodi, takođe sve radne tečnosti sa preparatom Dithane M-70, prouzrokovale
su značajno povećanje hloroze na listovima biljaka (5,3-7,9 mm2) kako u odnosu na kontrolu
tako i u odnosu na druge radne tečnosti u kojima nije sadržan, iako je u ovoj vodi nivo
fitotoksičnosti na nižem nivou u odnosu na one u bunarskoj vodi. Međutim u slabo alkalnoj,
slabo tvrdoj površinskoj vodi iz reke Save značajno povećanje fitotoksičnosti u odnosu na
kontrolu zabeleženo je samo primenom radnih tečnosti Dithane M-70, Dithane M-70+Actara
25-WG, Dithane M-70+Sillwet L-77 i Dithane M-70+Actara 25-WG+M+.