The Technical-Technological Aspects of the Appliance of New Types of Machines and Tools for the Arrangement of Soil’s Depth and Surface

Abstract

Soils with heavy mechanical type of composition demand a cultivation system that ensures preservation of natural potential and fertility resources. This system must also prevent degrading processes and ensure an optimal water motion within the soil, with an optimal usage of energy and labor. In Serbia there are over 0.4 million hectares of soil with heavy mechanical type of composition, and over 0.1 million hectares of diversely damaged soil. Every year, during different degrading actions, another 1000 hectares of soil are damaged. Agricultural machinery for tillage of the soils with heavy mechanical composition and damaged soils should fulfill the basic demands: arrangement of the soil’s surface and depth, preservation of the soil’s biological system, regulation of the water and air system, thus enabling an efficient irrigation, conservation of the natural humidity, ensurance of an efficient irrigation, perservance of the natural moisture, ensurance of a rational consumption of energy, labor and resources for the defined structure and level of agricultural production. Researches that are conducted by the Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Belgrade, Serbia, and the Institute of Corn, Zemun Polje, Serbia, are set to determine the technical, technological and economic aspects of the appliance of new types of machines and tools for the arrangement of soil’s depth and surface. These new types of machines include: universal soil arrangement machine USM-5, drainage plough DP-4 and vibratory subsoiler VR-5, applied on the degraded chernosem soil type and on the marsh soil type (parcel Tab. XVII, heavy mechanical type of compostition, damaged and unfavorable water and air conditions), on the location of an experimental property of the Institute of Corn in Krnješevci, Serbia. Basic characteristics of the soil are determined, control parcels are defined and marked, new technology and machines for soil’s surface and depth arangement are applied. Specific technical and technological parameters were measured during the work of new machine types.

Zemljišta sa teškim mehaničkim sastavom zahtevaju sistem obrade koji obezbeđuje očuvanje prirodnih potencijala i resursa plodnosti i koji sprečavaju degradacione procese u zemljištu a obezbeđuju optimalno kretanje vode u zemljištu, uz optimalni utrošak energije i rada. U Srbiji ima preko 0.4 miliona ha zemljišta sa mehaničkim sastavom teškog tipa, i preko 0.1 milion ha na različite načine oštećenih zemljišta. Svake godine, sa različitim degradacionim procesima, ošteti se i novih 1000 ha zemljišta. Poljoprivredna tehnika za izvođenje obrade teških i oštećenih tipova zemljšta, treba da ispuni osnovne zahteve: uređenje zemljišta po površini i dubini, očuvanje biosistema zemljišta, regulisanje vodnog i vazdušnog režima, omogućavanje efikasnog navodnjavanja, očuvanje prirodne vlage, obezbeđenje racionalne potrošnje energije, potrošnje rada i resursa za definisanu strukturu i nivo poljoprivredne proizvodnje. Istraživanja koja sprovodi Institut za poljoprivrednu tehniku Poljoprivrednog fakulteta u Beogradu i Institut za kukuruz iz Zemun Polja imaju za zadatak da odrede tehničko-tehnološke i ekonomske aspekte primene nove linije mašina i oruđa za uređenje zemljišta po površini i dubini. Nova, osvojena linija mašina: univerzalni skreperski ravnjač, drenažni plug i vibracioni razrivač, je primenjena na zemljištu tipa degradirani černozem i ritska zemljišta (parcela Tab. XVII, težak mehanički sastav, oštećene i nepovoljne vodno-vazdušne osobine), na lokaciji oglednog dobra Instituta za kukuruz u Krnješevcima. Utvrđene su osnovne karakteristike zemljišta, definisane i obeležene ogledne i kontrolne parcele, primenjena je nova tehnologija i nove mašine za uređenje zemljišta po površini i dubini. Mereni su određeni tehničko-tehnološki parametri pri radu nove linije mašina.