Aim of Reducing Pesticide Loss in Fruit Growing
Primena automatskih regulacionih sistema u cilju smanjenja gubitaka pesticida u zaštiti voćnjaka
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Author
Urosevic, Mirko
Zivkovic, Milovan
Komnenic, Vaso
Keywords
pesticide application in orchardssensory pesticide treatments
on-off sprayer
aplikacija pesticida u višegodišnjim zasadima
senzorski upravljano tretiranje
uključivanje-isključivanje rasprskivača
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Show full item recordAbstract
Electronic systems in modern plant protection equipment and machinery were
introduced with the objective of achieving optimal efficacy of pesticide application but
also contributing to cost decrease and environmental protection. In developed countries
pesticide application expenses account for 30-40% of the production costs. On the other
hand in underdeveloped countries with inappropriate control measures significant losses
have been registered in the production of fruits.
In conventional plant protection equipment, irrespective of the size of the target area
the amount of pesticides discharged by sprayers remains the same. Pesticides are
unevenly sprayed on fruit trees with large crowns. Substantial amounts of pesticides are
lost between crowns but also on the margins of crowns due to the lack of the vegetative
mass. In practice there are pesticide rates which eventually contribute to efficient fruit
crown treatment. These are however too high when it concerns its marginal parts.
In developed European countries with enhanced agricultural production electronic
control systems are used with the objective of adapting the application rate to the amount
of leaves, the vegetative mass. The system enables a higher application rate for the
crown parts of the fruit tree especially its central part. Crown margins receive lower
application rates and eventually the interrow spacing is left untreated.
A comparison study of the conventional and adapted sprayer showed that 37% of
the pesticide used was saved using the adapted sprayer whereby the efficacy of the
treatments was identical. Pesticide residues on the soil between the fruit trees were
negligible pointing to efficient environmental protection. Uvođenjem elektronskih sistema u razvoj novih mašina za zaštitu bilja, postiže
se optimizacija efikasnosti tretmana pesticidima što za rezultat ima smanjenje
operativnih troškova kao i zaštitu životne okoline. Poznata je činjenica da tretmani
pesticidima voćarskih zasada u razvijenim zemljama čine od 30 do 40% troškova
proizvodnje dok u nerazvijenim zemljama u kojima su mere zaštite nedovoljne, nastaju
veliki gubici u proizvodnji plodova voća.
Na konvencionalnim mašinama za zaštitu, rasprskivači izbacuju istu količinu
pesticida nezavisno od veličine ciljne površine. Kod voćki sa prostornom krošnjom,
mašina nailazi na veoma nehomogeni raspored vegetacije, pa prema tome stvara
nehomogenu distribuciju pesticida. Zbog toga, znatne količine pesticida se gube u
prostoru između krošnji, ali isto tako i na perifernim delovima krošnje, tamo gde je
manja vegetativna masa.U praksi se primenjuju određene norme sredstva za tretiranje da
bi se postigao neophodni efekat zaštite u središnjem delu krošnje voćke, ali je ta norma
prekomerna za njene periferne delove krošnje.
U cilju postizanja kvalitetne zaštite i uzimajući u obzir zaštitu okoline, u agrarno
razvijenim zemljama Evrope, primenjuju se uređaji koji pomoću elektronske kontrole
sistema, prilagođavaju normu tretiranja stvarnoj količini lisne mase. Sistem omogućava
aplikaciju veće norme u središnjem delu voćke, gde ima najviše vegetacije (kod
prostornih krošnji), a manje norme na perifernim delovima krošnje kao i bez tretiranja
nailaskom na međuprostor biljaka.
Uporednim ispitivanjima adaptiranog orošivača navedenim uređajem i
konvencijalnog rešenja, postignuta je uštedu do 37% sredstva za orošavanje održavajući
pri tom isti kvalitet tretmana za oba slučaja. Pored toga ostvareno znatno manje
zagađenje životne sredine što se može registrovati neznatnim prisustvom pesticida koja
su deponovana na površini zemljišta između biljaka.