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Domestifikacija riba: moraju li sve gajene vrste biti domestifikovane?

dc.contributor.authorTeletchea, Fabrice
dc.contributor.authorFontaine, Pascal
dc.date.accessioned2015-09-25T13:04:35Z
dc.date.available2015-09-25T13:04:35Z
dc.identifier.urihttp://arhiva.nara.ac.rs/handle/123456789/741
dc.description.abstractThe agricultural world today is dominated by a few mammal species that were domesticated over the past 12 000 years (Diamond, 2002). In particular, the five major species (cattle, pig, sheep, goat and horse) represent nearly 94% of mammalian livestock today. As a result, a clear dichotomy now exists between the numerous wild (from hunting) and the few domesticated mammals (produced in farms) used for human consumption. Similar to agriculture, aquaculture is often viewed as the only solution that can provide more seafood given that harvesting wild marine stocks are either stabilizing or more probably declining since the late 1980s (Watson and Pauly, 2001; FAO, 2012). Indeed, it is unlikely that fisheries will be able to supply more aquatic food products than today, ca. 90 million tones per year, including both marine and inland captures (FAO, 2012). Yet, compared to agriculture, aquaculture is a considerably younger sector that relies strongly on natural sources to farm numerous species with various production levels (Bostock et al., 2010; Jobling, 2010).Among the 313 species or group of species recorded in the United Nation’s Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) database in 2009, which have been farmed at one time since 1950, 28.4% were no longer being produced in 2009 and 17.9% produced less than 100 t. Only 12.1% produced more than 100 000 t (Teletchea and Fontaine, 2013). In addition, and more importantly, the duration of consecutive production recorded in the FAO database was very short for most species or groups of species, only one year for 10.2% and from two to five years for 15.3%; only 18.8% have been farmed for more than 40 years (Teletchea and Fontaine, 2013). To better describe the various strategies for fish production (Ottolenghi et al., 2004; Welcomme et al., 2010; Klinger et al., 2013), a new classification comprising five levels of “domestication” with 1 being the least to 5 being the most domesticated was recently proposed (Teletchea and Fontaine, 2013). Among the 250 species recorded in the FAO database in 2009 (i.e., excluding group of species), 39 belong to the level 1 (first trials of acclimatization to the culture environment, e.g., Anguilla rostrata, Scardinius erythrophthalmus, 75 to the level 2 (also known as capture-based aquaculture, e.g., Thunnus thynnus, Aspius aspius), 61 to the level 3 (entire life cycle closed in captivity with wild inputs, e.g., Solea senegalensis, Rutilus rutilus), 45 to the level 4 (entire life cycle closed in captivity without wild inputs, e.g., Pagrus pagrus, Sander lucioperca), and 30 to the level 5 (selective breeding programme is used focusing on specific goal, e.g., Salmo salar, Cyprinus carpio). As of now, 70% of the 250 species listed in the FAO belong to the first three levels of domestication thatdepend on the availability of wild resource (Ottolenghi et al., 2004). In contrast, only a few species, or more accurately populations, can be considered truly domesticated (Balon, 2004;Bilio, 2008), i.e., an animal selectively bred in captivity and modified from its wild ancestors making it more useful to humans who control the animal’s breeding and food supply (Clutton-Brock, 1999), similar to cattle or sheep. Based on this new classification, one may ask iffarmed species must be domesticated to reach a significant production, or in other terms, whether the levels of production and domestication are positively correlated.en
dc.description.abstractDanas u poljoprivredi dominira nekoliko vrsta sisara koje su domestifikovane pre više od 12 000 godina (Diamond, 2002). Pet najprisutnijih vrsta (goveda, svinje, ovce, koze i konji) danas predstavljaju skoro 94% stoke sisara. Kao posledica toga, danas postoji jasna razlika između brojnih divljih (iz lova) i nekoliko domestifikovanih vrsta (proizvedenih na farmama) kojima se čovek hrani. Slično poljoprivredi, na akvakulturu se često gleda kao na jedino rešenje koje može da obezbedi više hrane iz mora obzirom da je ulov marinskih vrsta ili stabilizovan ili u opadanju od kasnih osamdesetih godina prošlog veka (Watson and Pauly, 2001; FAO, 2012). I zaista, malo je verovatno da će ribarstvo biti u mogućnosti da proizvede vise morskih prehrambenih proizvoda nego danas, ca. 90 miliona tona godisnje, uključujući i mora i kopnene vode (FAO, 2012). Ipak, u poređenju sa poljoprivredom, akvakultura je značajno mlađi sektor koji se veoma oslanja na prirodne izvore u proizvodnji brojnih vrsta sa promenljivim nivoom proizvodnje (Bostock et al., 2010; Jobling, 2010). Od 313 vrsta ili grupa vrsta koje su zabeležene u bazi podataka Organizacije za hranu i poljoprivredu Ujedinjenih Nacija (FAO) iz 2009-te godine a koje su gajene od 1950te, 28.4% se više nije proizvodilo u 2009. godini a 17.9% imalo je proizvodnju nižu od 100 tona. Samo 12.1% vrsta ima proizvodnju višu od 100 000 tona (Teletchea and Fontaine, 2013). Staviše, trajanje konsekutivne proizvodnje zabeležene u FAO-voj bazi podataka bilo je veoma kratko za većinu vrsta ili grupa vrsta: samo jedna godina za 10.2% i od dve do pet godina za 15.3%. Samo je 18.8% bilo gajeno više od četrdeset godina (Teletchea and Fontaine, 2013). Da bi se bolje opisale različite strategije proizvodnje ribe (Ottolenghi et al., 2004; Welcomme et al., 2010; Klinger et al., 2013), nedavno je predložena nova klasifikacija koja se sastoji od pet nivoa “domestifikacije”, gde je 1 oznaka za najmanje a 5 oznaka za najviše domestifikovane vrste (Teletchea and Fontaine, 2013). Od 250 vrsta zabeleženih u FAO-voj bazi podataka iz 2009-te (osim isključenih vrsta), 39 pripada nivou 1 (prvi pokušaji privikavanja na uzgojnu sredinu, npr. Anguilla rostrata; Scardinius erythrophthalmus), 75 pripada nivou 2 (ovaj nivo se takođe naziva ‘akvakultura bazirana na ulovu’, npr. Thunnus thynnus, Aspius aspius), 61 vrsta pripada nivou 3 (one vrste koje su ceo zivot zatočene, sa novim vrstama iz divljine, npr Solea senegalensis, Rutilus rutilus), 45 pripada nivou 4 (one vrste koje su ceo život zatočene, bez novih vrsta iz divljine, npr. Pagrus pagrus, Sander lucioperca), i 30 pripada nivou 5 (program selektivnog gajenja koji ima određen cilj, npr. Salmo salar, Cyprinus carpio). Od danas, 70% od 250 vrsta riba koje se nalaze na FAO-voj listi spadaju u prva tri nivoa domestifikacije koja zavise od dostupnosti divljih resursa (Ottolenghi et al., 2004). Nasuprot tome, samo nekoliko vrsta, ili tačnije populacija, se mogu smatrati potpuno domestifikovanim (Balon, 2004; Bilio, 2008), npr. životinja selektivno gajena u zatočeništvu i izmenjena u odnosu na svoje pretke je veoma značajna za ljude koji kontrolišu gajenje životinja i njihovu ishranu (Clutton-Brock, 1999), slično govedima i ovcama. Zasnovano na ovoj novoj klasifikaciji, možemo se zapitati da li gajene vrste moraju biti domestifikovane da bi dostigle značajni nivo proizvodnje? Ili, drugim rečima, da li su nivoi proizvodnje i domestifikacija u pozitivnoj korelaciji?sr
dc.subjectfishen
dc.titleBeyond the Levels of Domestication in Fish: Must All Farmed Species Be Domesticated?en
dc.title.alternativeDomestifikacija riba: moraju li sve gajene vrste biti domestifikovane?sr


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