Current Issues And Principles Of Common Carp (Cyprinus Carpio) Organic Pond Farming In Europe. An Overview

Abstract

Šaran (Cyprinus carpio) je jedna od najznačajnijih vrsta ribe u akvakulturi u slatkovodnim jezerima. Akvakultura u slatkovodnim jezerima se često karakteriše kao sistem sa malim novčanim i ulaganjima radne snage, i najčešće služi lokalnom tržištu. Šaran je nedavno klasifikovan: kada je reč o svetkoj proizvodnji zauzima treće mesto, a kada je reč o vrednosti, sedmo (Tabela 1). U 2013. godini, ukupna EU27 proizvodnja šarana iznosila je 57,254 tone (FEAP 2014). Zemlja sa najvećom proizvodnjom šarana bila je Poljska (31% ukupne EU27 proizvodnje šarana), Češka (29%), Mađarska (17%), Nemačka (10%) i Francuska (6%). Ipak, izveštaji o organskom gajenju šarana dolaze samo iz Mađarske ( 700 t), Nemačke ( 200 t) i Austrije ( 150 t). Jezerske oblasti gde se gaji šaran na organski način zauzimaju 4700 ha u Mađarskoj i 550 ha u Austriji, što predstavlja približno 20% ukupne oblasti u kojima se gaji riba u obe zemlje (Varadi, Phuong 2007). Šaran je idealan kandidat za organsko gajenje jer zauzima nisko mesto u lancu ishrane, hrani se prirodnom hranom, u jezerima, i ima minimalan uticaj na životnu sredinu. Iako je način na koji se šaran gaji u jezerima kvazi organski i prelaz na sertifikovano organsko gajenje nije zahtevan kao kod drugih vrsta, prisustvo šarana na organskom tržištu ribe je još uvek jako nisko. Takođe, neke druge, dodatne vrste riba koje se mogu gajiti zajedno sa šaranom pokazuju visok potencijal za organsko gajenje, zbog minimalnih potreba u smislu upravljanja jezerom i sertifikacije. Trenutni standardi za organsko gajenje šarana ipak nisu sasvim usklađeni kada je reč o prihvatljivim načinima za reprodukciju. Takođe, postoje glavna ograničenja i problemi kao što je nedostatak organske hrane, predatori, razlikovanje od neorganskih proizvoda, nedostatak saradnje kada nastanu tehnički problem i marketing, pojava kostiju i stav potrošača da je šaran jevtina hrana. Marža za organskog šarana može da bude dobra ukoliko je prodajna cena znatno viša od troškova proizvodnje. Potrebno je harmonizovati standarde, poboljšati preradu i marketing (kada je reč o filetima bez kostiju) i podržati bolju sardanju među organskim uzgajivačima. Budućnost je svetla, što se tiče svih gore navedenih stavki, međutim trenutna potrošnja organskog šarana opada. Potrebno je repozicionirati organskog šarana na tržištu i proizvoditi više filetirane nego cele ribe.

Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) is one of the most important fish species in freshwater pond aquaculture which is often characterized as a low input system with low labour productivity and low capital intensity, serving mainly local markets. Recently, common carp is classified on 3rd and 7th rank regarding world production and its value, respectively (Table 1). In 2013, the total EU27 aquaculture carp production was 57,254 tonnes (FEAP 2014) being mostly produced in Poland (31 % of total EU27 carp production), Czech Republic (29 %), Hungary (17 %), Germany (10 %) and France (6 %). Nevertheless, organic carp production is currently reported just from Hungary ( 700 t), Germany ( 200 t) and Austria ( 150 t). Pond areas with organic carp production occupy 4700 ha and 550 ha in Hungary and Austria respectively, which represents approximately 20% of the total fishpond area in both countries (Varadi, Phuong 2007). Carp represents an ideal candidate for organic status since it is low in the food chain, feeds naturally and in pond farming, it has a minimum impact on the environment. Despite the way carp are farmed in ponds is already quasi-organic and the shift to their certified organic farming is not as demanding as it is for some other species, the proportion of carp on the organic fish market is still very low. Obviously, also the other supplementary carp pond fish species prove a high potential to be considered as organic products with minimum requirements in sense of pond management and certification. Current organic standards for common carp are, however, facing some inconsistencies such as acceptable ways of reproduction, as well as the main constraints and problems such as shortage of organic feed, predation of wild animals, differentiation from non-organic product, lack of cooperation on technical issues and marketing, bones appearance and consumer perception of carp as a cheap food. The margins for organic carp can be good with sales price being significantly higher than production costs. Organic carp culture needs help to harmonise standards, to improve processing and marketing (boneless fillets) and to support greater cooperation among organic farmers. There are good long term prospects with this respect, though current consumption is on the wane. There is a need to reposition organic carp in the market and produce more fillets rather than just live and/or whole fish.