Pesticides in Soil: Effects on Microorganisms
Pesticidi u zemljištu: delovanje na mikroorganizme
Author
Radivojevic, Ljiljana
Santric, Ljiljana
Stankovic-Kalezic, Radmila
Keywords
PesticidesMicroorganisms
Enzymes
Microbial biomass
Soil
Pesticidi
mikroorganizmi
enzimi
mikrobiološka biomasa
zemljište
Metadata
Show full item recordAbstract
Since their discovery to the present day, pesticides have been an inevitable segment of
agricultural production and efforts have been made to synthesize compounds that would
share a required efficacy along with selectivity, sufficient persistence on the object of protection
and favourable toxicological and ecotoxicological characteristics so as to minimize
their effect on the environment.
When a pesticide gets into soil after application, it takes part in a number of physical,
chemical and biological processes that depend not only on the compound itself, but a
number of other factors as well, such as: physical, chemical and biological characteristics of
soil; climatic factors, equipment used, method of application, method of storage, handling
and disposal of waste, site characteristics (proximity of ground and underground waters,
biodiversity and sensitivity of the environment). Microorganisms play an important role in
pesticide degradation as they are able to utilize the biogenic elements from those compounds,
as well as energy for their physiological processes. On the other hand, pesticides
are more or less toxic substances that can have adverse effect on populations of microorganisms
and prevent their development, reduce their abundance, deplete their taxonomic
complexity and create communities with a lower level of diversity and reduced physiological
activity.
The article discusses complex interactions between pesticides and microorganisms
in soil immediately after application and over the ensuing period. Data on changes in the
abundance of some systematic and physiological groups of microorganisms, their microbial
biomass and enzymatic activity caused under pesticide activity are discussed as indicators
of these processes. Od otkrivanja pa do danas, pesticidi su ezaobilazni segment poljoprivredne proizvodnje,
a u njihovom razvoju teži se ka sintezi jedinjenja
koja će imati potrebnu efikasnost i selektivnost,
dovoljnu dužinu zadržavanja na objektu i povoljne
toksikološke i ekotoksikološke karakteristike, kako
bi imali što manji neželjeni uticaj na životnu sredinu u celini. Kad se nakon primene nađe u zemljištu, pesticidno jedinjenje biva izloženo brojnim fizičkim, hemijskim i biološkim procesima
razgradnje koji zavise ne samo od osobina jedinjenja, već i od čitavog niza drugih faktora,
kao što su: fizičke, hemijske i biološke karakteristika zemljišta i klimatski faktori.
U procesima razgradnje pesticida u zemljištu
značajnu ulogu imaju mikroorganizmi, imajući
u vidu da su sposobni da iz njihovih molekula
koriste biogene elemente i energiju za svoje
fiziološke procese. S druge strane, pesticidi
koji su sami po sebi manje ili više toksične supstance, mogu štetno da deluju na populacije
mikroorganizma i da dovedu do zaustavljanja
njihovog razvoja, smanjenja brojnosti, osiromašenja taksonomskog sastava,
stvaranja zajednica sa nižim
stepenom raznovrsnosti i smanjenom
fiziološkom aktivnošću. U ovom radu razmatraju
se uzajamni procesi i odnosi koji
se uspostavljaju u zemljištu između
pesticida i mikroorganizama neposredno,
kao i u periodu posle primene. Kao pokazatelji
ovih procesa dati su podaci o promeni
brojnosti pojedinih sistematskih i fizioloških
grupa mikroorganizama, mikrobiološke
biomase i aktivnosti enzima koji su nastali
pod uticajem pesticida.