Phytotoxicity of Chlorpyrifos to White Mustard (Sinapis alba L.) and Maize (Zea mays L.): Potential Indicators of Insecticide Presence in Water
Fitotoksičnost hlorpirifosa za slačicu (Sinapis alba L.) i kukuruz (Zea mays L.): potencijalne indikatore prisustva insekticida u vodi
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Author
Gvozdenac, Sonja
Indjic, Dusanka
Vukovic, Slavica
Keywords
ChlorpyrifosWater
Phytotoxicity
Sinapis alba L.
Zea mays L.
Hlorpirifos
voda
fitotoksičnost
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Show full item recordAbstract
Chlorpyrifos is a hazardous insecticide and important pollutant of the environment.
The EU Directive 2008/105/EC lists it as one of the priority water pollutants. Its presence
is mainly detected by chemical methods but, since biological tests have gained in importance
in the last few years, this study aimed to assess the potentials of white mustard
(Sinapis alba L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) as indicators of water pollution. The phytotoxic
effects of chlorpyrifos (rates 0.05-10μg a.i./l) were assessed based on physiological (germination
energy and germination) and morphological traits (root and shoot length, fresh
and dry weights) of the tested species. A slightly modified filter paper method was used
and the results were processed by Duncan`s multiple range test and Probit analysis (EC50).
According to the Directive, the maximal allowable concentration (MAC) of chlorpyrifos
in water is 0.1μg a.i./l. When applied at the MAC value, chlorpyrifos inhibited germination
energy and germination (11.25%) of white mustard, as compared to the control (91.5;
93.5%), and its hypocotyls and epicotyls failed to form. At the rates 50% below the MAC,
germination energy and germination (87.75; 88.25%) were significanty inhibited, as well
as root and shoot growth of seedlings. Chlorpyrofos did not affect the germination energy
and germination of maize, while all morphological traits were significantly reduced by
chlorpyrifos at the MAC rate. The EC50 of chlorpyrifos was 0.09μg a.i./l for germination of
white mustard and 3.21μg a.i./l for maize. Insekticid hlopririfos prema Direktivi 2008/105/EC svrstan je među prioritetne polutante vode
i takođe značajan polutant životne sredine. Njegovo prisustvo se detektuje uglavnom hemijskim
metodama, međutim biološki testovi sve više dobijaju na značaju u poslednjih nekoliko
godina te je cilj ovog rada bila procena potencijala bele slačice (Sinapis alba L.) i kukuruza
(Zea mays L.) kao bioindikatora kontaminacije vode. Fitotoksični efekti hlopririfosa (količine 0,05-
10μg a.m./l vode) su procenjeni preko fizioloških (energija klijanja i klijavost) i morfoloških parametara
(dužina korena i izdanka, sveža i suva masa korena i izdanka) ispitivanih vrsta. Korišćena
je modifikovana metoda na filtar hartiji. Podaci su obrađeni Dankanovim testom višestrukih
poređenja i Probit analiza pri određivanju toksičnosti (EC50). Prema pomenutoj Direktivi, maksimalno
dozvoljena količina (MAC) hlorpirofosa u vodi je 0,1 μg a.m./l vode. Pri primeni hlorpirifosa
u MAC količini, energija klijanja i klijavost semena bele slačice (11,25%) su bile značajno inhibirane
u poređenju sa kontrolom (91,5; 93,5%) dok je formiranje hipokotila i epikotila izostalo.
U količini 50% nižoj do MAC (0,05 μg a.m. /l), energija klijanja i klijavost (87,75; 88,25%) su u poređenju
sa kontrolom bile značajno smanjene, kao i dužina korena i izdanka ponika. Hlorpirifos
nije uticao na energiju klijanja i klijavost semena kukuruza, dok su morfološki parametri bili značajno
smanjeni već pri primeni inskticida u količini od 0,1 μg a.m./l. Toksičnost hlorpirifosa, to jest
EC50 za klijavost semena bele slačice je iznosila 0,09 μg a.m./l, a za kukuruz 3,21 μg a.m./l vode.