Rhagoletis cerasi Loew (Diptera: Tephritidae) – Biological Characteristics, Harmfulness and Control

Abstract

The European cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis cerasi Loew (Diptera: Tephritidae), is a highly destructive pest in sweet and sour cherry orchards with a distribution area throughout Europe and the temperate regions of Asia. It occurs regularly in all production regions of these fruit species in Serbia, damaging up to 10% of cherries in commercial production, while damage can go up to 100% in orchards and on solitary threes unprotected by control measures. In Serbia, European cherry fruit fly most often attacks and damages fruits of the lateripening cultivars of sweet cherry (Van, Stela, Hedelfinger, Bing, Lambert, Drogan’s Yellow). After a sweet cherry harvest, adults migrate to sour cherry where they continue feeding and ovipositing in half-mature sour cherries (prevailingly the domestic ecotype Oblačinska). During their activity period, larvae damage the fruits, so that they can no longer be consumed either fresh or processed. The high percentage of sour cherries damaged by R. cerasi has become a factor limiting exports because the intensity of infestation of this fruit exceeds permissible limits. Pesticide use for controlling this pest, especially in integrated production, is based on a very poor selection of insecticides which cause problems with residual ecotoxicity. Consequently, alternative measures for controlling European cherry fruit fly have been intensively studied over the past few years. This work surveys up-to-date results of various studies on the European cherry fruit fly as a very important pest in Serbia and other South and Mid-European countries. The work contains detailed descriptions of its biological characteristics, flight phenology, infestation intensity and possibilities of fly control in sweet and sour cherry production areas.

Evropska trešnjina muva, Rhagoletis cerasi Loew (Diptera: Tephritidae), veoma destruktivna štetočina u zasadima trešnje i višnje, rasprostranjena je širom Evrope i u umerenim regionima Azije. Redovno se javlja u svim proizvodnim područjima ovih vrsta voćaka u Srbiji, oštećujući do 10% plodova u komercijalnoj proizvodnji, a u zasadima i na pojedinačnim stablima gde se ne sprovode mere zaštite i do 100%. Trešnjina muva u uslovima Srbije najčešće napada i oštećuje plodove kasnih sorata trešnje (Van, Stela, Hedelfinger, Bing, Lambert, Drogan’s Yellow). Po završenoj berbi trešanja imago prelazi na višnju i nastavlja sa ishranom i ovipozicijom u poluzrele plodove višnje (najzastupljenija: domaći ekotip oblačinska višnja). Svojim aktivnostima larve oštećuju plodove i oni postaju neupotrebljivi za ishranu u svežem stanju, ali i za preradu. Visok procenat oštećenih plodova višnje delovanjem R. cerasi je ograničavajući faktor izvoza, jer je intenzitet napada na plodovima iznad dozvoljene granice. Primena pesticida za kontrolu ove štetočine, posebno u integralnoj proizvodnji, ograničena je na veoma mali izbor insekticida, čija se primena vezuje za probleme ekotoksičnosti ostataka. Zbog toga se poslednjih godina sve više proučavaju alternativne metode za kontrolu populacije trešnjine muve. U radu su prikazani dosadašnji rezultati proučavanja evropske trešnjine muve, vrlo značajne štetočine u Srbiji i drugim zemljama južne i srednje Evrope. Detaljno su opisane biološke karakteristike, fenologija leta, intenzitet napada i mogućnosti suzbijanja muve u područjima gajenja trešnje i višnje.